I spent hours yesterday troubleshooting my router (the vodafone station, same as in your picture) until I figured out that vodafone is having massive outage issues (which they're providing extremely little information about) and it doesn't seem to be a problem at my end.
Before you lose more hours to this, try going to https://www.vodafone.de/stoerung/validate and enter your address details to see if there's a known outage for your address.
You can also check what your router itself says, if you haven't already. Go to the IP address http://192.168.0.1 in your laptop browser while connected to the wifi and use the password on the little vodafone card (or the sticker on the back of your router) that is listed together with "Einrichtung" and that IP address. If it says "DOCSIS offline" this means there's no connection to the internet/your ISP and that would fit with an outage.
FYI, I'm in Berlin and my internet has been out since around 23:00 Saturday night. The "Störung finden" page that I linked to above told me there was an outage for my address but no further info and the customer account functions were down. As of checking 1.5 hours ago, it now tells me the outage is expected to be fixed within 12 hours (that number hasn't changed in the last 1.5 hours) and it was possible to request that I be informed by SMS when the outage is fixed, but a lot of the other customer account functions are still not working properly.
From what little news coverage I could find, there seems to be some infrastructure down in Erlangen and I'm guessing that's affecting the whole country's network to varying degrees, maybe? I have no idea, and vodafone is of course providing no useful information.
